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LINKS
The following links were selected because they contain information and resources of interest to the U.S. and International Scientific Community. For a complete list of related Web sites linked to Altweb, check out the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) related links page.
We're always looking for new Web sites, provided they support the concept of the "Three Rs." We define alternatives as methods that refine existing tests to lessen animal pain and distress, reduce the number of animals needed for a test, or replace animals with other methods. If you have a site to recommend, let us know!
We've also compiled a list of the many other 3Rs centers from around the globe.
See also: Search for Alternatives, Databases, and Statistics.
- 3Rs and Alternatives Organizations
- 3Rs—Definitions and Descriptions
- Alternatives in Education
- Animal Use Information/Statistics
- Bioethics in Animal Research
- Biomedical Research Organizations
- Databases (see also: Search for Alternatives)
- Environmental Enrichment (see also: Refinement)
- Funding in the 3Rs
- Government Agencies
- Humane Science (see also: 3Rs)
- In Vitro Science
- Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) and Ethical Review Committees
- Journals
- Laboratory Animal Welfare
- Legislation, Regulation, and Guidelines
- Non-mammalian Models (birds, fish, reptiles & amphibians, C. elegans)
- Pain and Distress (see also: Refinement)
- Reduction (experimental design, statistical analysis)
- Refinement (housing, handling, husbandry)
- Replacement (in vitro methods, computer simulations, manikins, and models)
- Search for Alternatives (see also: Databases)
- Toxicology/Toxicity Testing
- World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences
- Links for Teens and Kids
•• 3Rs and Alternatives Organizations
International 3Rs and Alternatives Organizations: Altweb page [under development]
Alternatives Research & Development Foundation (ARDF) [USA]
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) [USA]
Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) [USA]
Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART)
Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) – in English and in French
European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)
European Consensus-Platform for Alternatives (ecopa)
European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA)
European Resource Centre for Alternatives in Higher Education (EURCA)
Foundation for the Promotion of Alternatives to Animal Testing (SET)
Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME)
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) [USA]
Interagency Coordinating Committee for the Validations of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) / NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM) [USA]
International Centre for Alternatives in Research and Education (I-CARE) [India]
Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM)
Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) [USA]
Korean Society of Alternatives to Animal Experiments
National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) [UK]
Netherlands Centre Alternatives to animal use (NCA)
Norwegian National Platform for Alternatives (Norecopa)
Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science and Alternatives
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) [UK]
Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW) [USA]
Spanish Group on Alternative Methods:
Grupo de Trabajo Especializado en Métodos Alternativos (GTEMA)
Spanish Network for the Development of Alternative Methods: Red Española para el Desarrollo de Métodos Alternativos a la Experimentación Animal (REMA)
(English summary)
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW)
German Centre for Evaluation and Documentation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET)
Centre for Alternative and Complementary Methods to Animal Testing (ZET) [Austria]
•• 3Rs—Definitions and Descriptions
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (full text)
AWIC: The Alternatives Concept
CCAC: The Three Rs of Humane Animal Experimentation
Alternatives in Education: An Introduction
AnimaLearn: Animals, Ethics & Education
European Resource Centre for Alternatives in Higher Education (EURCA)
Humane Society of the United States: Animals in Education
International Centre for Alternatives in Research and Education (I-CARE): Education
InterNICHE: The International Network for Humane Education
NORINA Database (A Norwegian Inventory of Audiovisuals)
Selected Internet Resources for Science Fairs, Animals in Education and Research, Kids Pages and Animal Careers
UCCAA: Animal Alternatives in Education
UCCAA Information Resources for Animal Welfare and Alternatives: Pre-college Science Education
The Use of Animals in Higher Education: Problems, Alternatives, and Recommendations (2000). Balcombe, J. Humane Society Press. Read free online or order a copy here.
Why Dissection?: Animal Use in Education (2008). Hart LA, Wood MW, Hart BL. Available for purchase here.
•• Animal Use Information/Statistics
UC Center for Animal Alternatives Information: Animal Use Statistics (US, UK, Europe, Australia, Canada)
USDA: Animal Welfare Publications and Reports
See “Annual Reports of Enforcement”
Canadian Council on Animal Care: Facts and Figures on Animal Use in Canada
Europe: Statistical Reports on Laboratory Animal Use
European Biomedical Research Association
Humane Society of the United States: Statistics on Pain and Distress
United Kingdom Home Office: Scientific Procedures on Living Animals
•• Bioethics in Animal Research
CCAC: Ethics in Animal Experimentation
ILAR Journal V40(1) 1999
Bioethics in Laboratory Animal Research
The Ethics of Research on Animals (a Nuffield Council on Bioethics report)
ANZCAART: Ethics and Animal Use in Science
•• Biomedical Research Organizations
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)
American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists (ACVA)
American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP)
Americans for Medical Progress (AMP)
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)
Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR)
•• Databases (see also Search for Alternatives)
Altweb guide to searching for alternatives
AltBib: Bibliography on Alternatives to Animal Testing
AWIC: Literature Searching and Databases
DB-ALM: ECVAM Database Service on Alternative Methods to Animal Experimentation
FRAME: Free searchable databases on the Internet
Go3R: semantic search to avoid animal experiments
TSAR: Tracking System for Alternative test methods Review, Validation and Approval in the Context of EU Regulations on Chemicals
UCCAA Search Templates and Databases
•• Environmental Enrichment (see also Refinement)
AWIC: Environmental Enrichment for Primates Resource Guide
AWIC: Environmental Enrichment and Exercise
AWIC: Final Report on Environmental Enhancement to Promote the Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates
AWIC: Final Report on Environmental Enhancement to Promote the Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates
AWI: Refinement and Environmental Enrichment for All Animals Kept in Laboratories: Database
AWI: Environmental Enrichment and Refinement for Rodents and Rabbits: An Annotated Bibliography
AWI: Environmental Enrichment for Primates: Annotated Database on Environmental Enrichment and Refinement of Husbandry for Nonhuman Primates
CAAT Refinement Special Section: Enrichment
Institute for Laboratory Animal Welfare (ILAR) Journal Online: Enrichment Strategies for Laboratory Animals
Alternatives Research & Development Foundation (ARDF)
CAAT Animal Welfare Enhancement (AWE) Awards
FRAME: Sources of Funding for the Three Rs
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Library of Medicine (NLM)
National Toxicology Program (NTP)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
•• Humane Science (see also 3Rs)
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (full text)
CAAT Online Course: Enhancing Humane Science/Improving Animal Research
Humane Science Offers Alternatives to Animal Testing (Johns Hopkins Public Health Magazine)
To 3R is Humane (PDF)
AltTox: Non-animal methods for toxicity testing
European Society for Toxicology In Vitro (ESTIV)
Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc (IIVS)
In Vitro Testing Industrial Platform (IVTIP)
Society for In Vitro Biology (SIVB)
•• Institutional Animal Care & Use Committees (IACUCs)/Ethical Review Committees
Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research (PRIM&R)
RSPCA: Ethical Review - Introduction
AATEX (Alternatives to Animal Testing and Experiments). Journal of the Japanese Society for Alternatives to Animal Experiments. In Japanese; English abstracts.
ALTEX (Alternatives to Animal Experiments). Official journal of MEGAT. In German; English abstracts.
Animal Welfare. Journal of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare
ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals). Published by FRAME.
ILAR Journal Online. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
JAAWS: Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
Laboratory Animals [subscription required for access]
Assessing the Health and Welfare of Laboratory Animals (AHWLA)
Department of Animals, Science and Society, Utrecht University
MSPCA (Advocacy: Laboratory Animal Welfare)
Humane Society of the United States (HSUS): Animals in Research
Institute for Laboratory Animal Welfare (ILAR)
ILAR Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Institute of Animal Technology (IAT)
Laboratory Animal Management Association (LAMA)
Laboratory Animal Welfare Training Exchange (LAWTE)
Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)
Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW)
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW)
UC Davis Center for Animal Alternatives Information
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
•• Legislation, Regulations, Guidelines
Altweb: Policies and Regulations
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
ILAR Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (ISRTP)
European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)
Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)
APA Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Animals
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
Canadian Council on Animal Care: Guidelines
European Biomedical Research Association
•• Non-mammalian Models (fish, reptiles and amphibians, C. elegans)
Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) Resources on Fish, Reptiles and Amphibians
AWIC Resources on Housing, Husbandry, Care & Welfare of Selected Birds 2008
AWIC Resources on Reptiles 2008
AWIC Resources on Amphibians 2008
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) Journal Online: Use of Amphibians in the Research, Laboratory, or Classroom Settting
Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science & Alternatives: Fish
The Zebrafish Book: A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Zebrafish International Resource Center (ZIRC)
Zebrafish Husbandry Association
NTP Factsheet: C. Elegans: a medium throughput Screening Tool for Toxicology
•• Pain & Distress (see also Refinement)
CAAT Refinement Special Section
AWIC Resources on Pain and Distress
Guidelines for the Recognition and Assessment of Animal Pain
HSUS Pain and Distress Resources
HSUS Pain and Distress Reports
Pain and Distress (Russell and Burch)
•• Reduction (experimental design, statistical analysis)
Basic principles of experimental design
CCAC: Satisfying the Reduction Principle
Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis (NC3Rs)
FRAME reduction resource
http://www.frame.org.uk/page.php?pg_id=68
•• Refinement (housing, handling, husbandry)
Altweb special section on refinement
Guidelines for the Recognition and Assessment of Animal Pain
Pain and Distress (Russell and Burch)
Refinement (Russell and Burch)
UCCAA: Refinement of Research Methods with Mice
CCAC: Satisfying the Refinement Principle
•• Replacement (in vitro methods, computer simulations, manikins, and models)
CCAC: Satisfying the Replacement Principle
FRAME Editorial: Putting Replacement First
ICCVAM: Summary of Test Methods Evaluated
In Vitro Methods in Toxicology (book chapter)
Proceedings for “Alternatives in Monoclonal Antibody Production”
Replacement (Russell and Burch)
•• Search for Alternatives (see also Databases)
Altweb Search for Alternatives: A step-by-step approach to an alternatives search
Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC)
AWIC: Literature Searching and Databases
FRAME guide to searching for alternatives to the use of laboratory animals
UCCAA Search Templates and Databases
•• Toxicology/Toxicity Testing
AltTox: Non-animal methods for toxicity testing
European Society for Toxicology In Vitro (ESTIV)
International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (ISRTP)
•• World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences
Proceedings of 6th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences
6th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences (2007)
5th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences (2005)
CAAT Presents Four Awards at 5th World Congress
4th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences (2002)
Proceedings of 4th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences
CAAT Newsletter: 2nd World Congress Highlights: Policy, Ethics, Refinement
1st World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences (1993): Table of Contents.
•• Animal Protection Sites
AnimaLearn: Animals, Ethics & Education
ANZCCART: Using Animals in Science
Captive Wild Animal Protection Coalition
Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (Leaping Bunny)
•• Cool Animal Sites
ARKIVE: Images of Life on Earth
National Geographic Kids: Amazing Animals
•• Cool Science Sites
Biology: Web Information Resources for Educators
Chimp Cognition: video library
Paleos: The Trace of Life on Earth
What a Year! Cool Science is Happening Now
•• Humane Treatment of Farm Animals
The Meatrix (interactive site on factory farming issues)
•• Use of Animals in Biomedical Research
Southwest Association for Education in Biomedical Research (see Student Resources section)
North Carolina Association for Biomedical Research (student section)
Foundation for Biomedical Research (educational resources)