ALTEX :: Alternatives to Animal Experiments

2005, VOLUME 4

The three Rs: Looking back ... and forward

Michael Balls

FRAME, Nottingham, UK

SUMMARY

Personal experiences at FRAME and ECVAM are recalled, alongside the evolutionary progress of the Three Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement,) approach to animal experimentation, described in great decades analogous to the Great Ages of Western Civilisation.

Keywords: animal experimentation, ECVAM, FRAME, replacement, reduction, refinement