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Alternative Methods in Toxicology

Volume 10 - In Vitro Skin Toxicology: Irritation, Phototoxicity, Sensitization

Andre Rougier, Alan M. Goldberg, Howard I. Maibach

Series Editor: ALAN M. GOLDBERG

Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Publishers

Table of Contents

Preface

A. Rougier, A.M. Goldber, and H.I. Maibach

Part One: Irritation

• General Aspects
  1. Primary Cutaneous Irritation: Clinical, Biology, and Experimental
     J.D. Harvell and H.I. Maibach
  2. Bioengineering Methods to Evaluate In Vivo Skin Irritation: Application to In Vitro Irritation
     J.D. Harvell and H.I. Maibach
  3. Role of Cutokines in Irritant Contact Dermatitis
     G.M. Shivji, A.K. Gupta, and D.N. Sauder
• In Vitro Approaches
  1. Physiochemical Methods
     1. Product Classification as Corrosive or Irritant by Measuring pH and Acid/Alkali Reserve
        J.R. Young and M.J. How
     2. Influence of PKa on Skin Irritancy Potential of Chemicals
        B. Berner, A. Nangia, and H.I. Maibach
     3. Dermal Corrosion, the CORROSITEX System: A DOT Accepted Method to Predict Corrosivity Potential of Test Materials
        V.C. Gordon, J.D. HArvell, and H.I. Maibach
     4. The SKINTEX System: An In Vitro Biomacromolecular Assay to Predict In Vivo Dermal Irritation
        V.C. Gordon, J.D. Harvell, and H.I. Maibach
        
  2. The Use of Cell Cultures
     1. Use of Cell Cultures in Irritancy Testing
        M. Chamberlain and L. Earl
     2. The Pollen Tube Growth Test: Use in Eye and Skin Irritancy Assessment
        U. Kristen, J.P. van Aken, W. Pape, and U. Hoppe
     3. The Silicon Microphysiometer: Use in Ocular and Cutaneous Toxicity Testing
        J.D. Harvell, J.C. Owicki, and H.I. Maibach
     4. Measurement of Proinflammatory Mediator Production by Cultured Keratinocytes: A Predictive Assessment of Cutaneous Irritancy
        C. Cohen, C. Selvi-Bignon, A. Barbier, A. Rougier, F. Lacheretz, and R. Roguet
        
  3. The Use of Epidermal and Skin Equivalents
     1. Skin and Epidermal Equivalents: A Review
        M. Prunieras
     2. The Use of In Vitro Skin Recombinants to Evaluate Cutaneous Toxicity
        M. Ponec
     3. The Living Skin Equivalent in Cutaneous Irritancy Assessment
        J.D. HArvell, R. Gay, and H.I. Maibach
     4. Skin²: An In Vitro Human Skin Analog
        B. De Wever and L.A. Rheins
     5. The Episkin Model: Successful Reconstruction of Human Epidermis In Vitro
        E. Tinois, Q. Gaetani, B. Gayraud, D. Dupont, A. Rougier, and X. Pouradier Duteil
     6. A Reconstituted Human Epidermis to Assess Cutaneous Irritation, Photoirritation, and Photoprotection In Vitro
        R. Rouget, C. Cohen, and A. Rougier
  4. The Use of Skin Explants
     1. A Review of the Human In Vitro Skin Corrosivity Test
        D.A. Basketter and E. Whittle
     2. Measurement of Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance to Assess the Skin Corrosivity Potential of Chemicals
        R.W. Lewis and P.A. Botham
     3. Skin Organ Culture for the Study of Skin Irritancy
        F.G. Bartnik and W.F. Pitterman

Part 2: Phototoxicity

• General Aspects
  1. Evaluation of Phototoxicity: From In Vitro to In Vivo
     A. Moysan, M.A. Miranda, P. Morliere, L. Peno-Mazzarino, D. Averbeck, S. Averbeck, P. Clement-Lacroix, L. Michel, M. Bazin, M. Geze, R. Santus, M. Jeanmougin, J.V. Castell, and L. Dubertret
• In Vitro Approaches
  1. Assessing Photoxicity by In Vitro Methods: A Review
     W.W. Lovell
  2. A Strategic Approach for In Vitro Photoxicity Testing
     W. Pape, U. Pfannenbecker, and W. Diembeck
  3. Photohemolysis Test and Yeast Growth Inhibition Assay to Assess Phototoxic Potential of Chemicals
     M. Sugiyama, H. Itagaki, and S. Kato
  4. The Use of Keratinocyte and Fibroblast Cultures to Predict Phototoxicity of Chemicals
     K. Maier
  5. The Complement Photoactivation Assay
     D.T. Sladowski and M. Balls
  6. First Results of the EC/COLIPA Validation Project "In Vitro Phototoxicity Testing"
     M. Liebsch, H. Spielman, M. Balls, M. Brand, B. Doring, J. Dupuis, H.G. Holzhutter, G. Klecak, H. L'Eplattenier, W.W. Lovell, T. Maurer, F Moldenhauer, L. Moore, W.J.W. Pape, U. Pfannenbecker, J. Potthast, O. de Silva, W. Steiling, and A. Willshaw

Part 3: Sensitization

• General Aspects
  1. Immunological Principles of Sensitization
     C. Hauser and J.-H. Saurat
  2. Early Events in the Induction Phase of Contact Hypersensitivity
     J.M. Czernielewski
• In Vitro Approaches
  1. Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship
     1. Approaches to Structure-Activity Relationships in Skin Sensitization Using CADES
        C.C. Sigman, D. Bagheri, and H.I. Maibach
     2. Modeling Allergic Contact Dermatitis
        P.S. Magee, J.J. Hostynek, and H.I. Maibach
     3. Structure-Activity Relationships for Skin Sensitization: an Expert System
        M.D. Barratt and D.A. Basketter
  2. The Use of Cell Cultures
     1. Cytokine Expression by Epidermal Cell Subpopulations in Allergic Contact Dermatitis
        P.R. Bergstresser
     2. Hapten Presentation by Human Epidermal Langerhans Cells In Vitro
        C. Moulon, J. Peguet-Navarro, P. Courtellemont, G. Redziniak, and D. Schmitt
     3. Antigen Presentation by Murine Epiermal Cells In Vitro
        N. Pineau, K.G. Dossou, and O. de Silva
     4. Secondary T-Cell Response to Haptens In Vitro: A Step Towards an Entirely In Vitro Screening Assay for Contact Sensitizers
        J.-F. Nicolas, J.-L. Garrigue, H. Bour, and D. Schmitt
     5. Development of a Predictive In Vitro Test for Detection of Sensitizing Compounds (European Bridge Project)
        A. Barbier, E. Rizova, J.L. Stampf, F. Lachertz, F.H.M. Pistoor, J.D. Bos, M.L. Kapsenberg, D. Becker, M. Mohammadzadeh, J. Knop, S. Mabic, and J.-P. Lepoittevin
  3. The Use of Skin Explants
     1. Toxic and Allergic Skin Reactions, Evaluated in Organ-Cultured Full-Thickness Human and Animal Skin Explants
        A.M. Dannenberg, Jr. and K.G. Moore
• Ex-Vivo Approaches
  1. Cytokine Production and the Local Lymph Node Assay
     R.J. Dearman and I. Kimber
  2. The Ex-Vivo Local Nymph Node Assay (LLNA)
     O. de Silva, M.J. Perez, and K.G. Dossou

Part 4: In Vitro Skin Toxicology: Present and Future

1. What Can Be Expected from In Vitro Methods
   H.B.W.M. Koeter
2. Regulatory Aspects in the US Food and Drug Administration
   N.L. Wilcox
3. State of Dermal Validation Studies in the US
   F.H. Kruszewski and A.M. Goldberg
4. The State of Validation in the EC
   M. Balls